conventional & unconventional political behavior

Conventional politics: voting, lobbying, formal interest groups, etc.

Unconventional politics

• Level I:  petitions, slogans, lawful demonstrations
• Level II:  boycotts
• Level III: unofficial strikes, rent strikes
• Level IV:  unlawful demonstrations, occupations, damage

Violent behavior: sabotage, guerilla warfare, hijacking, assassination, bombing, kidnapping, defenestration, long-distance calling with a Tucker telephone, etc.

Moreover--

Levels I-IV are “unorthodox;”

Levels II-IV are “direct action;”

Levels III-IV are “illegal action;”

Level IV (and violent acts) are violence

 

Source: Dalton 2006: 65 (drawing on Marsh 1977)